Definition of the Triangle Trade (Rum and Slave Trade)

Definition of the Triangle Trade (Rum and Slave Trade) In the 1560’s, Sir John Hawkins pioneered the way for the slave triangle that would take place between England, Africa, and North America.   While the origins of the slave trade from Africa can be traced back to days of the Roman Empire, Hawkins voyages were the first for England. The country would see slave trade flourish through more than 10,000 recorded voyages up through March 1807 when the British Parliament abolished it throughout the British Empire and specifically across the Atlantic with the passage of the Slave Trade Act. Hawkins was very cognizant of the profits that could be made from the slave trade and he personally made three voyages. Hawkins was from Plymouth, Devon, England and was cousins with Sir Francis Drake. It is alleged that Hawkins was the first individual to make a profit from each leg of the triangular trade. This triangular trade consisted of English goods such as copper, cloth, fur and beads being traded on the African for slaves who were then trafficked on what has become to be known as the infamous Middle Passage. This brought them across the Atlantic Ocean to then be traded for goods that had been produced in the New World, and these goods were then transported back to England. There was also a variation of this system of trade that was very commonplace during the  colonial era in American History. New Englanders traded extensively, exporting  many commodities  such as fish, whale oil, furs, and rum and followed the following pattern that occurred as follows: New Englanders manufactured and shipped rum to the west coast of Africa in exchange for slaves.The slaves were taken on the Middle Passage to the West Indies where they were sold for molasses and money.The molasses would be sent to New England to make rum and start the entire system of trade all over again. In the colonial era, the various colonies played different roles in what was produced and used for trade purposes in this triangular trade. Massachusetts and Rhode Island were known to produce the highest quality rum from the molasses and sugars that had been imported from the West Indies.   The distilleries from these two colonies would prove to be vital to the continued triangular slave trade that was extremely profitable. Virginia’s tobacco and hemp production also played a major role as well as cotton from the southern colonies.   Any cash crop and raw materials that the colonies could produce were more than welcome in England as well as throughout the rest of Europe for trade. But these types of goods and commodities were labor intensive, so the colonies relied on the use of slave for their production that in turn helped to fuel the necessity of continuing the trade triangle. Since this era is generally considered to be the age of sail, the routes that were used were chosen due to the prevailing wind and current patterns. This meant that is was more efficient for the countries situated in Western Europe to first sail southward until they reached the area known for the â€Å"trade winds† before heading west towards the Caribbean in lieu of sailing a straight course to the American colonies. Then for the return trip to England, the ships would travel the Gulf Stream and head in a Northeast direction utilizing the prevailing winds from the west to power their sails. It is important to note that the triangle trade was not an official or rigid system of trade, but instead a name that has been given to this triangular route of trade that existed between these three places across the Atlantic. Further, other triangle-shaped trade routes existed at this time. However, when individuals speak of the triangle trade, they are typically referring to this system.

Writing an Engaging Op-Ed Piece

Writing an Engaging Op-Ed Piece Op-Ed is the publishing industrys commonly-used term for opinion editorial – the type of article in which ones opinion is expressed relating to political, public policy, cultural or controversial topics. Op-ed pieces are most often placed near the front of a publication and are treated much the same way as letters to the editor are treated.As with any persuasive writing – and op-ed articles are definitely considered persuasive – the approach you take will be the difference between engaging your audience and alienating your audience. Starting with a hook such as a question is an often-used approach that is effective, and sets the article up nicely to drive your point home.You should keep in mind that the opening paragraph is the best place to state your position and thesis, detailing why you are writing the piece, the news-worthy event that prompted your writing, and the slant you are taking on the topic. Beyond this, the format for the article can be varied, as l ong as you create a valid argument and provide reasonable explanations and points to support it.There are, however, basic things that should be included in an op-ed piece. The three necessary criteria of an engaging op-ed article are that it:Expresses the writers opinionIs written about a timely and news-worthy topicSuggests a course of action that should be taken based on the writers expertise or opinionResearch and valid facts are importantOp-ed writing should always be opinion-based yet factual and you should take the time to carefully research the topic if it is one on which you are not well-versed. However, most op-ed pieces are written by someone who is an expert on the topic, or at least someone who has kept up-to-date on all facts and recent news related to it, so most writers approach this genre only if they are highly aware of the nuances and commonly used terminology relating to the subject. As this genre of writing generally elicits much feedback from a publications read ership, any information that is incorrect will likely be openly and harshly criticized, immediately discrediting the writer. Since many newspapers allow this type of open criticism and dialogue, especially in relation to op-ed pieces (since the writer is most often not affiliated with the newspapers staff), op-ed articles should be carefully fact-checked before you submit them, especially if your purpose is related to marketing and achieving higher visibility for your company or organization.Op-Ed for marketingA brief word on writing op-ed articles for marketing: an engaging op-ed piece is a great way to achieve visibility for a company and can be used as a unique and effective marketing strategy to highlight the companys presence. A CEOs input, written in the form of an op-ed piece on current industry-related topics, will show his or her expertise and unique leadership ability. Most newspapers and publications will also include a tagline with a brief author bio, which serves as fre e and widely read publicity for any company – whether it is a small business or a multi-national corporation.Common mistakes writers makeEspecially if you are writing for marketing purposes, you should avoid some of the common mistakes writers makes when writing op-ed pieces. One of the most common mistakes that a writer will make when attempting to get an op-ed piece published is writing about a topic that is either old news or a weak/non-newsworthy topic. Submitting an op-ed article about current and highly relevant topics/situations is the easiest way to get your work published.Another common mistake is to approach the op-ed piece like a political ad or a public humiliation of key public figures. Especially if you plan to use your op-ed piece for marketing, it is crucial that you provide timely advice that is controversial, yet reasonable. While newspapers will allow some bit of controversy to be present in op-ed pieces because the writer is not associated with the newspap er staff, there is a limit to how far you can take it. You want to be seen as an expert – a voice of reason – and word choice, careful research, and precise editing is crucial in attaining this result. Often humor, insight, and emotional appeals are most effective in engaging your audience while maintaining your status as a concerned expert, and you should attempt these without seeming overly preachy.As with any persuasive topic, it is best to approach the subject through the use of active verbs, ignoring the overuse of adjectives and adverbs, which often tend to water down writing. Your word choice and language used are crucial in maintaining your role as an expert; dont resort to name-calling, unfounded accusations, or highly charged political statements that could be misinterpreted easily by readers.Length and formatThe average op-ed piece is between 400 and 1,200 words, and many newspapers have specific requirements concerning word count. If a publications op-ed re quirements are not listed on their web page, it is wise to contact the editor in charge of op-ed submissions and request information regarding submissions guidelines. Additionally, many newspapers allow op-ed pieces to be submitted via email but might have restrictions concerning whether the article should be included in the body of the email or as an attachment.If the newspaper or publication does not provide specific guidelines for submission of op-ed pieces, a generally accepted format is single-spaced, Times New Roman (or similar) font, with the authors name and the articles word count listed at the top of the page before the title and body of the article. Also, most newspapers prefer that the author include a brief tagline, or bio, written at the end of the piece.

Should vaccination for HPV be mandated for teenage girls Essay

Should vaccination for HPV be mandated for teenage girls - Essay Example Opponents of this mandate argue that mandating the HPV vaccine would increase sexual activity among teenagers and jeopardize abstinence education (Rettner, 2011). As such, there is need for educating the public about the dynamics of the HPV vaccine. The debate manifests a collision between two fundamental topics in American healthcare mandatory vaccination and teenage sexuality (Donahou, 2013). The question on the morality of a vaccine for a sexually transmitted infection and the question of parental rights in regards to mandatory vaccination dominate the debate (Donahou, 2013). However, by analyzing the prevalence and incidence of cervical cancer in the U.S and the ability of the HPV vaccine to address this health problem, I would agree that the vaccine is necessary. Moreover, medical organizations, the federal government, and medical professionals guarantee the safety and effectiveness of the HPV vaccine. The HPV vaccine will enable significant numbers of young women to play a major role in curbing cervical cancer that claims too many lives in America. The American Academy of Pediatrics and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) approximate that about 20 million people in the United States are suffering from HPV while about 6.2 million people get the HPV infection every year through sexual transmission (National Conference of State Legislatures, 2014). The two organizations estimate that about 4,000 women die from cervical cancer caused by a HPV infection every year (Rettner, 2011). Since there is no cure for HPV, it is very wise to seek prevention measures for this epidemic by encouraging teenage girls to take a HPV vaccine (National Conference of State Legislatures, 2014). The target audience for this vaccine is clearly prone to the HPV infection since it affects at least half of sexually active people in their lifetime (National Conference of State Legislatures, 2014). With the existence of more than 30

History of Psychology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

History of Psychology - Essay Example Annoying to some people and beneficial to other as it may look, the behaviorist approach developed with the era and has stayed to be at par with the revolution of psychology (Myers, 2004). People who present the behaviorist approach are more forceful and effective than in the past, with the help of various modernized reporting mechanisms established by the growth of technologies. The Cognitive approach to psychology is a discipline which is utilized to decipher interpretations from previous or past occurrences. Such concept is utilized in modern psychological disciplines and social fields to symbolize a perspective of the value of previous events which leads with the manners that interpretations of events is being analyzed and interpreted by people. There are various manners in which the cognitive approach to psychology can be described. This involves investigating, comprehending the hidden hypotheses, outlines, concepts that establish the framework for idea and concepts and realization. The cognitive approach possesses various aspects of definition in different areas of analysis and investigation. Basically, the humanistic approach in psychology pertains to movement and trend, including the policies and programs that aim to improve the developments of the quality of life that will aid in the adjustments of the people. The humanistic approach to psychology helps change the social and technological aspects of all the people in plenty of measure that most of the time vary form their assumptions (Weiten, 2007). More often than not, the humanistic approach targets the process of helping the people in adjusting to a new cultural and technological change, and this works together with the government that pertains to developments of existing attitudes and inherent behaviors in a citizen who is facing cultural and technological adjustments. A victorious achievement of the influence of the humanistic approach needs a tremendous cooperation between the agents of modernization like the mass media and the public. D. Present Time Without a doubt, the people at present would have to undergo changes of attitudes, beliefs, skills, goals as well as profiles and identities as a primary consequence of the new developments on the field of psychology. The present trends on psychology is normally quickly felt but with several delays in implementation, composed of significant developments and needing extreme adjustments leading to increased pressure to the public. The tremendous level of life developments and changes that the public needs to face as a consequence of the new wave of psychology can result to the development of the idea of discrimination and helplessness which can hinder their motivation in attaining their objectives in their new modernized environment (Hock, 2004). The new wave of psychology and its application at present as well as all over the world have established a critical responsibility in its technological and social development. Media highlights and investigations have insisted the need for studying the positive and negative consequences of the present psychology since the development of every nation's leadership and governance systems also relies on it. The Comparison of the Four Psychological Approaches All the four psychological approaches simply pertain to the field of stating situations and phenomena as they happen. Such stating includes gathering,

Woman in Black theatre review Essay Example for Free

Woman in Black theatre review Essay In June 2012 I had the pleasure of watching The Woman In Black in the Fortune Theatre. A spine-chilling adaptation of the 1983 novel by Susan Hill. The story explores a tale of a ‘woman in black’ who is said to haunt the living, when a young solicitor enters a town where the villagers are reluctant to speak anything of this ghostly character he ultimately discovers why. The play was first performed in 1987 in the Saint Joseph Theatre in Scarborough as a ‘Christmas play’ only to attract profits however it attracted more attention than was expected. Critics raved about the play and it went onto become a success, eventually upgrading to its present location at the Fortune Theatre in Drury Lane. The most remarkable thing about this play is the minimalism of it; there are just two actors throughout the whole of the play and a very minimalistic set, just a trunk, and a chair which the actors themselves have to maneuver in order to create different settings. The audience are initially introduced to the main characters; Arthur Kipps, assisted by a young actor to help him communicate the terrifying events that he faced when on a job in the small town of Crythin Gifford. This play uses the technique of a play within a play to relive Arthur Kipps’ memories. The young actor plays young Arthur Kipps whereas the old Arthur Kipps plays every other character he was faced with. The older actor was tremendous in carrying out his role and would have had to been; playing so many characters and displaying their dialect, body language etc perfectly was outstanding. What really stood out for me was the exceptional use of such simple effects. In each scene the simplistic setting would not be able to portray a realistic one so a simple use of layering and only lighting what you want the audience to see, with the added accompaniment of sound effects would give the intended audience reaction the director (Robin Herford) wants. Sound is one of the fundamental elements of this play. To create a sense of location such as a train station there are recorded voice-overs. However when portraying the scary and shocking moments of the play, unexpected, ear piercing volumes of screams retrieved the audiences most petrified responses.

Sins of Hester Prynne, Reverend Dimmesdale, and Roger Chillingworth in

The Sins of Hester Prynne, Arthur Dimmesdale, and Roger Chillingworth in The Scarlet Letter Nathaniel Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter is a study of the effects of sin on the hearts and minds of the main characters, Hester Prynne, Arthur Dimmesdale, Roger Chillingworth. Hester, Dimmesdale, and Chillingworth. Sin strengthens Hester, humanizes Dimmesdale, and turns Chillingworth into a demon. Hester Prynne’s sin was adultery. This sin was regarded very seriously by the Puritans, and was often punished by death. Hester’s punishment was to endure a public shaming on a scaffold for three hours and wear a scarlet letter "A" on her chest for the rest of her life in the town. Although Hawthorne does not pardon Hester’s sin, he considers it less serious than those of Dimmesdale and Chillingworth. Hester’s sin was a sin of passion.   This sin was openly acknowledged as she wore the "A" on her chest. Hester did not commit the greatest sin of the novel. She did not deliberately mean to commit her sin or mean to hurt others.   Hester’s sin is that her passions and love were of more importance to her than the Puritan moral code. This is shown when she says to Dimmesdale, "What we did had a consecration of its own. We felt it so! We said so to each other!"   Hester fully acknowledged her guilt and displayed it with pride to the world. This was obvious by the way she displayed the scarlet letter. It was elaborately designed as if to show Hester was proud. Hester is indeed a sinner, adultery is no light matter, even today. On the other hand, her sin has brought her not evil, but good. Her charity to the poor, her comfort to the broken-hearted, her unquestionable presence in times of trouble are all direct results of   her quest for repe... ... Works Cited and Consulted Arvin, Newton. "Critical Extracts." Major Literary Characters. New York, 1990. 12-14. Bruckner, Sally. "The Scarlet Letter: Critical Evaluation." Masterplots. Ed. Frank N. Magill. Pasadena: Salem, 1996. 5847-5851. Dolan, Neal. "Thematic and Structural Analysis." The Scarlet Letter: Bloom's Notes. Philadelphia: Chelsea, 1996. 12-21. Durst Johnson, Claudia. Understanding The Scarlet Letter. Westport, Ct: Greenwood, 1995. McFarland Pennell, Melissa. Student Companion to Nathaniel Hawthorne. Westport: Greenwood, 1999. Morey, Eileen, ed. Readings on The Scarlet Letter. San Diego: Greenhaven, 1998. Sewall, Richard B. "The Scarlet Letter: Criticism." Novels for Students. Ed. Diane Telgen. Vol. 1. Detroit: Gale, 2001. 319-27. Wagenknecht, Edward. "Characters in The Scarlet Letter." Readings. San Diego, 1998. 58-72.

Process of Dealing with Death Essay

When they are gone, we must learn to carry on. In today’s world, there are few things if any at all that last forever; whether it be something bought in a store, or even us human beings everything has an expiration date. Death is not a simple thing to cope with. It takes time to go through the stages of grieving and reach the final point of acceptance. As people, we differ from each other, which means that it may take a week, a month, a year, or even more time for someone to cope with the death of a loved one; it all depends on the person. The stages of grieving after a death in the family vary for everyone but most commonly they tend to include anger/denial, guilt, and the final step in coping with death, acceptance. It is often hard to accept the fact that someone who has always been by your side could suddenly be gone forever. The reality of the situation does not always kick in right away. Some people choose to deny the fact that someone they care about has passed away because they are simply not capable of handling the truth. In some cases, denial combines with anger at the passed loved one because they feel that the person who died left them too early and at a bad time. This was the case when my grandmother (my mom’s mom) passed away a few years ago. My mom was my grandmother’s only daughter that lived here in America therefore they were very close and cherished each other greatly. I have a vivid memory of my grandmother’s deceased body laying on her bed with my mom sitting on a chair next to her and pounding the wall with her fists screaming, â€Å"Why did you leave me, how do you expect me to go on without you?! You can’t be gone, no, this isn’t happening! † It was a hard sight to witness; first off, because of the fact that my grandmother had passed away, that pain on its own was difficult to deal with and to add on top of that my mom was in such an extreme state of denial and anger she would not let anyone near my grandmother. My dad and one of my uncles forcibly took my mom out of the room in order for the funeral home attendants to remove my grandmother’s body. Speaking from personal observations, the time that it takes for people to stop denying the fact that one of their loved ones has passed on, varies depending on the person. After a death in the family, those close to the deceased may experience a sense of regret or guilt for their actions and those of others. Once my grandmother passed away, I had a conference with my school counselor who asked me to tell her about the emotions I was feeling towards my grandmother’s death. One of the emotions I picked out was guilt. I explained that I felt guilty for not having spent enough time with my grandmother, and at that point (thinking like a child) I felt that my grandmother may have passed away because I did something very bad to upset her and she simply did not want to deal with me any longer. My cousin experienced similar feelings. Her emotions were centered more on regretting the times when she had an opportunity to spend time with my grandmother; but she chose to do something else instead. Other people may try to comfort themselves by finding someone to blame for the death of their loved one. Most commonly, this blame is directed at doctors. Even though there may not have been any opportunity for the doctor to heal or revive the dying patient, it helps some people to identify the doctors as the guilty party. The reason why they direct all of their negative emotions to the doctor is because they say, â€Å"It is the doctor’s job to make him/her better; he/she died because the doctor didn’t do everything in his power to make him/her better†. Everyone deals with death differently; some people may feel guilty for their own actions while others tend to look for a figure that they can blame for the death of their loved one. Acceptance is the final step in coping with death. This is the time during which those close to the deceased are able to go through an emotional catharsis. Arriving at this stage is not easy but it pays off because you are finally able to â€Å"let go†. It is important to keep in our memories those near and dear to us, but it is equally as important not to wallow in the past because by doing so, all hope for the future is suffocated. Accepting the fact that someone you love is gone forever is difficult, it is normal to feel filled with emotion. Once the fact that my grandmother had passed finally set inside my understanding I cried for many hours every day. Crying was my way of letting out all of the emotions that I had stored inside of me after witnessing the pain my mom had gone through and losing my grandma. Saying good-bye is not easy, but it is something that must be done. Everyone copes with death differently. It may take longer for some people to realize that even though they may have lost someone who has always been of great importance to them, life must go on. This is why it is important to learn ways in which to deal with the situation and simply make the best of it. Some things can be undone; unfortunately, death is not one of those things. Even though discussing death is not a cheery topic, it is important to not only know but also to understand the different stages of grieving because as humans we cannot run away from death or avoid it. All people have an expiration date on this planet, for some it is sooner than others. Understanding the steps/stages in the grieving process can be beneficial when helping a friend cope with the loss of a close member of their family. By knowing the steps and what they consist of, you will have an understanding of why the person is reacting the way they are. It also makes it much easier for you to guide the grieving individual to the final step of acceptance from which they can return to their everyday life with the understanding that death is part of the human life cycle, and as depressing and difficult as it may be to comprehend it is an inescapable aspect of our human lives.